Background: Albert Bandura is a renowned psychologist and has contributed a lot to the field of psychology. He is famous for social learning theory and the theoretical construct of self-efficacy the influential Bobo Doll experiment. Bandura supported a style of psychology which was based on investigating psychological phenomena through repeatable, experimental testing. In his wide spanning career he published many books and was honoured with many awards. He started his life in Canada and finally settled in America.

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Background: Alcohol is the world's third largest risk factor for disease and disability. The mortality and morbidity associated with alcoholism is compounded by the concept of risk taking. Heavy alcohol use is associated with varieties of high risk behavior such as motor vehicle accidents, high risk sexual behavior, criminal acts and self injurious behavior. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the association between severity of alcohol dependence and high risk taking behavior, sociodemographic factors and personality variables in male patients with alcohol dependence syndrome attending a tertiary care hospital in south India. Methods: The study is an observational study conducted in the department of psychiatry in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The severity of alcohol dependence was assessed using Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire and relationship of high- risk behavior to alcohol use was determined by asking about that ‘critical incident’ to define the role of alcohol during the incident. Results: A total of 50 subjects were included in the final analysis out of which 28(56%) belonged to 20 to 40 years and the remaining 22 (44%) belonged to 41 to 60 year age group. The high risk behavior was 66% (95% CI 51.2% to 78.8%) in the study population. The association between severity of alcohol dependence and high risk behavior, the association between sensation seeking score, impulsivity score and high risk behavior was statistically significant (p-value<0.001). Conclusions: The proportion of high risk behavior is very high among alcoholics. Involvement in road traffic injuries, high risk sexual practices, indulging in intentional self-harm and involving in conflict and violence were the common high risk behaviors. There is Positive association between high sensation seeking scores and high risk behaviors among alcoholics.

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“Whoever touches the life of the child touches the most sensitive point of a whole, which has roots in the most distant past and climb towards the infinite future.” The quote by Maria Montessori tells us how important childhood is in the life of an individual. It also implies that children are not miniature adults but are ultimate products of a complex interaction between genetic potential, biological capacities and the nurturing environment. It is no exaggeration that child with problem behaviours needs to be understood in the context of his developmental strengths (competencies) the family, the society and the culture (background) he belongs to. Similarly the problem behaviours can be helped through approaching the areas of need, strengthening his competencies to adjust and adapt to the environment which includes family and society.

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Background: Persistent hysterical hiccups are not a usual presentation in medicine. Both, the rational of choosing a specific modality of intervention and the possible biological mechanism behind hysterical hiccups are often ambiguous. Case description: A 37-year old married female with history of hiccups since the past two weeks was referred to the Department of Psychiatry for further management. She was extensively evaluated for other medical causes for hiccups and later diagnosed as a case of persistent hysterical hiccups. She improved with chlorpromazine which is an antidopaminergic drug. Discussion: This case responded well with antidopaminergic medication. The case suggests the possible role of dopamine in the biological mechanism of a specific clinical category of persistent hysterical hiccups. Conclusion: Our case demonstrates the use of chlorpromazine to effectively treat hiccups of psychogenic origin.

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Background: Unawareness of one's own illness among people with schizophrenia has been a much documented phenomenon. Insight into the illness and the level of functioning are known to be important in determining outcome in schizophrenia. Aims and objectives: 1. To assess the level of insight in patients with schizophrenia. 2. To study the correlation between the global functioning and level of insight in the patient. 3. To assess the relationship between the level of insight in the patient and the extent of disability in them. Methods: Fifty patients with schizophrenia were selected. The level of insight, functioning and disability were evaluated using the Birchwood Self Report Insight scale, Global assessment of functioning and Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale respectively. Relationship between these parameters was studied. Results: Seventy two percent of the patients had poor insight. Eighty four percent of the patients had a GAF score of less than sixty. Sixteen percent were severely disabled. There was no significant relationship between the parameters studied. Conclusions: Awareness of symptoms and mental illness is low even though perceived need for treatment is high. Level of insight and disability & global functioning does not have a significant relationship.

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Background: Etiology of delirium is diverse and multi-factorial and 26% of the etiological factors for delirium are due to Central nervous system lesions. The findings of major neuroanatomical changes among prolonged delirium patients suggest the involvement of brain which could be better understood by neuroimaging. Limited data is available regarding neuroimaging aspects of delirium. Aims and objectives: To study and compare the phenomenology of delirium among the patients with and without neuroimaging changes. Methods: All the patients who are admitted in the Neuro ICU and diagnosed with delirium are included in the study. Confusion assessment method (CAM) was used for screening altered mental status and the diagnosis of delirium was confirmed by ICD-10. MRI (T1, T2, DWI) was done on the diagnosed patients and findings were noted. Patients were divided into two groups. Fifteen patients identified consecutively with MRI changes were included in the first group and 15 patients identified consecutively without MRI changes were included in the second group. Phenomenology of delirium is assessed in both the groups using Delirium severity rating scale–revised 98 (DRS-R-98). Conclusion: Our study concludes that in patients with Neuro-imaging changes, the phenomenology of delirium differs in memory and motor activity among cognitive and non cognitive items respectively. Further research is needed for better understanding of neuro- pathogenesis of delirium

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Background: Stress can have serious consequences that can influence mental health status. Thus, using definition of health, an individual suffering from stress is not a healthy person. No such studies have been conducted in Zambia. Aims and objectives: To determine the prevalence of stress among undergraduate students and to determine factors associated with stress. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine independent predictors of stress. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The abstract has no results on Pearson Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Results: From a sample size of 360 students, 70.3% students responded of which 28.5% were found to be stressed. Second year students were 2.29 (95% CI [1.21, 4.34]) and third year students were 2.69 (95% CI [1.44, 5.01]) times more likely to be stressed than the fifth year students. Students who slept four hours or less were 1.58 (95% CI [1.15, 2.17]) times more likely to be stressed compared to students who slept more than four hours. Students who felt that the cause of their stress was due to tests were 80% (AOR= 1.80, 95% CI [1.19, 2.72]) more likely to be stressed compared to students who did not indicate as such. Conclusion: Relatively low prevalence of stress was observed among students at the school of medicine. This could be due to strategies students could have been used to relieve stress.

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Background: Priapism is a urologic emergency representing a true disorder of penile erection that persists beyond or is unrelated to sexual interest or stimulation. Variety of drugs is known to produce priapism, including psychotropics. Case description: We report a case of an adolescent young male with psychosis who developed priapism after taking a single oral dose of 10mg aripiprazole. Discussion: Virtually all antipsychotics have been known to be rarely associated with priapism. The potential of antipsychotics to cause priapism is believed to be dependent on their affinity to block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Aripiprazole has the least affinity to adrenergic receptors among all atypical antipsychotics. This makes it an extremely rare occurrence all around the world. Conclusion: Polymorphism of alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene in schizophrenia patients is known to be associated with sialorrhoea while on clozapine treatment. Probably similar polymorphism of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor gene could contribute to its altered sensitivity and resultant priapism.

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Background: Relatively few studies have assessed psychosocial correlates for secondary amenorrhea. Our study of the Gynaecological condition concerning personality factor (on introversion-extroversion dimension), parenting (authoritarian and authoritative) style, depression and perceived stress addresses this gap in the literature. The study inquires, whether these variables are related. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the relation of personality, parenting, stress and depression in patients with secondary amenorrhoea. Methods: Evaluation was done for forty-four young-adult female patients (with their fathers alive) affected by secondary amenorrhea, requesting help for menstrual disorders. The Parental Authority Questionnaire administered on the parent of patients, and Beck Depression Inventory, Perceived stress scale, Kundu Introversion-Extraversion Inventory on patients. In addition to that sixty healthy participants were recruited. The 104 participants were divided into two groups according to the presence (44 cases) or the absence (60 cases) of clinically diagnosed secondary amenorrhea. Results: Appropriate use of correlation coefficient followed by a test of significance revealed significant correlations between the variables which were hypothesised in accordance and hadbeen discussedregarding future research. Conclusions: Secondary amenorrhea was found to be possibly associated with personality factors, stress, depression and the kind of parenting individuals receive during their lifetime.

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